The following requirements must be met to ensure full credit for this module’s discussion:
Post an original submission to the discussion.
Ensure that postings are detailed responses relating to course and/or chapter content.
Read and respond to at least 1 other student’s post with a substantive response.
State your position on whether you agree or disagree with your colleagues’ statements.
Correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation are expected.
Adhere to the most recent APA standards and use APA guidelines to cite references.
Examples of APA in-text citations for the text book:
Blah blah blah (Lab, 2020).
When quoting: “Blah blah blah” (Lab, 2020, p. #).
According to Lab (2020), blah blah blah.
Lab (2020) stated that “blah blah blah” (p. #)
Required Text and Materials
Lab, S. (2020). Crime Prevention: Approaches, Practices and Evaluations (10th Ed). Anderson Publishing.
ISBN: 9781138390256
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the crime life-cycle? Discuss the stages of the cycle. What does knowledge of the cycle contribute to prevention action?
2. Discuss the development of Clarke’s situational prevention typology from the initial 3 item model to the most recent 25 technique version. Be specific about changes. Why has it changed?
First, the writer needs to first write the main post by answering these two questions. No minimum words count are required.
Second, the writer needs to read Brittney Louramore ‘s post and reply to her directly. How the writer will reply to Brittney Louramore ‘s? The writer needs to reply directly to Brittney Louramore by greeting her: Hello or Hi Brittney and start replying. The writer needs to tell Brittney Louramore where he/she agrees or disagrees with her and why he/she is agrees or disagrees. The writer needs to ask Brittney questions if any and needs to provide feedback and or opinions. No minimum words count are required also.
Below is Brittney Louramore’s post:
1. The crime life-cycle is a design to catch thieves by using products that are tied to the market as their bait. There are four stages to this cycle, the first being the introduction of the new product. Then, the growth stage, “where sales are increasing and knowledge and demand are on the upslope”(Lab,2020,p.215). Next is the mature stage and the peak, where the product is well known, desired, and available for theft, which is lead by the demand. The fourth and last stage is decline, “where the product has either saturated the market or is being replaced with new products”(Lab,2020,p.215). This is the stage where thefts fall off. This cycle contributes to the action of prevention as evaluations generally reveal that the design changes are effective in significantly reducing crime. This is true, however, there are still problems and concerns with the movement of product design for prevention. A primary concern considers the fact that the majority of designers are not educated with a crime prevention background, this makes the design process a challenge at the beginning. With this, and the other concerns, product design for prevention does still have an effective impact on the level of crime so, should gain increased attention.
2. “The growth of situational crime prevention can be seen in the ongoing development of a situational typology”(Lab,2020,p.196). Clarke (1983) presented one of the earliest presentations on situation prevention. The presentation consisted of a three-point approach to interventions: surveillance, referring to natural, formal, or surveillance by employees, target hardening, which includes interventions like security devices, and environmental management, which makes changes in order to reduce crime opportunities. The three-item model became too simplistic, so Clarke came up with a way to expand it into a classification of situational techniques, by having a category of three, reflecting very general orientations, and four subgroups of prevention approaches within the category, making a total of twelve techniques. In 1997 Clarke and Homel found some limitations and issues in the 12-cell typology; “First, several of the original categories could be divided to enhance the internal consistency of the ideas”(Clarke and Homel,1997,p.198). The other issue was they came to the realization that techniques aimed to focus on the social and psychological contexts of the offending, were not included in the original 12 categories. As a solution, categories addressing guilt, embarrassment, and shame were added. This expanded the typology one again, into a list of 16 situational techniques, and shifted the emphasis on physical changes to a strong reliance on psychological and social factors. Wortley (2001) believed that the typology was incomplete, particularly “inducing guilt or shame” was not very comprehensive. He offered four factors that lead or precipitate to crime: prompts, pressures, permissibility, and provocation. Wortley argued that offenders are not always motivated, which led Cornish and Clarke (2003) to offer a new situational typology that motivates individuals to offend by the use of cues. The new expansion will be the 25 techniques of situational prevention. The original ideas are maintained or altered and the techniques are expanded. The reason for all of these changes is to be consistent and organized, enables the technique to address the behavior of individuals with various levels of motivation, broadens theoretical conditions, helps to identify potential causal factors at work, and to perfect the categories to be broad enough to cover as many scenarios as possible.
Lab, S. (2020). Crime Prevention: Approaches, Practices, and Evaluations (10th edition Ed.). Anderson Publishing
Answers to Discussion Questions
Question 1
The crime cycle is the design of mechanisms to address criminal activities, such as catching criminals, using products in the market. The cycle has four stages: introduction of the product (bait); growth (the knowledge and demand of the product increases); maturity stage (when the product has peaked and becomes desirable to criminals); and decline (when the product has saturated or potentially being replaced by another) (Lab, 2020). The knowledge of the cycle contributes to crime prevention through the use of products available in the market to know how they attract criminals and how the opportunity for stealing them can be removed.
Question 2
The development of situational prevention typology relates to the three-point approach to intervention when dealing with the problem in society. The approach includes all types of surveillance, target hardening, and environmental management (Lab, 2020). However, Clarke realized the simplistic nature of the original model and changed it to include situational techniques with three general groups and four subgroups of crime prevention techniques. Further realization of limitations in new models, including the failure to address the motivation behind a crime, led to the development of the model with the 25 techniques of situational prevention. The expansion helps to address the personal (behavioral) aspects and environmental (the situation that motivates a person to commit a crime.
Response
Hi Brittney,
You provided a detailed response to both questions, covering all sections. I agree with your responses to both questions, as borrowed from the textbook by Lab (2020). It shows your close interaction with the text and understanding of the theories presented in the chapter. Your views about the crime cycle, such as the use of products in the market as bait, and the development of the situational theory of crime prevention are particularly convincing.
Reference
Lab, S. (2020). Crime Prevention: Approaches, Practices, and Evaluations (10th edition Ed.). Anderson Publishing
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