For your next assignment which is this you should include information about the attachment and the number of children who have experienced abuse”. When you write part 2 of this paper you going to attach part one of the paper you wrote already i will upload the paper of part 1 so you can attachment to part 2 .
Now for the instructions of part 2 of this paper
You don’t need to revise part one of the paper its was excellent
A typewritten statement of the problem statement and population of interest (about 4-5 pages typed, double spaced, 11 or 12 font size) you have selected for study.
For Assignment 2, you developed a research topic and related questions about a problem and a population group that you are interested in studying.For example, problems that kids who are aging out of foster care may encounter; what type of interventions are helpful for adolescents with substance abuse problems; what causes homelessness, etc.Revise your assignment 1 and incorporate my comments and suggestions on your assignment 1, as part of Assignment 2.
For Assignment 2, identify relevant population statistics (demographics) for your population and general background information (such as definition, dimensions, scope) about the problem.
All references (including websites) should be properly cited, using the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style http//www.psych-web.com/resource/apacrib.htm
Please include relevant demographic and other descriptive information related to the problem. Much of the population statistics should be available online through governmental sites or research institutes, etc. (see below box for some examples).
Governmental Agencies/Organizations or Research Institutes (examples)
Child Welfare Information Gateway: http://www.childwelfare.gov/ (Links to an external site.)
National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ (Links to an external site.)
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: http://www.samhsa.gov/ (Links to an external site.)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention: http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/ (Links to an external site.)
Bureau of Justice Statistics: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ (Links to an external site.)
Southern Poverty Law Center: http://www.splcenter.org/index.jsp (Links to an external site.)
National Institute on Aging: http://www.nia.nih.gov/ (Links to an external site.)
Also Do a Quick Search of Google Scholar to for additional information on your topic. http://scholar.google.com/ (Links to an external site.)
Part 3 its gonna be on a total different page just one page with a few wordsin paragraph answering this questions fordiscuss board
For this assignment, share with your classmates the measurement scale you have found in your literature review
Please include:
The name of the measurement tool (ex.PHQ-9)
Purpose of the measurement tool (ex. measures depression)
What population is the measurement tool created for? ( 12 year old and up -all populations)
List (2) variables that are being measured, how is the variable conceptualized
Attachment Issues in Child Abuse and Neglect
Question: How are attachment issues experienced by survivors of child abuse and neglect?
Background
The tragedy of child abuse and neglect is one of the social problems that affect society due to the lasting effects that can persist to adulthood. Unfortunately, it is a crisis that many children continue to face in their communities, including families where they are supposed to feel safe and protected. Secure childhood and attachment with caregivers protect children from the impact of childhood trauma. Although protected children have positive emotional and psychological development; millions of children worldwide experience a traumatic childhood. Child abuse and neglect is a problem that leaves a long-term trauma, potentially affecting the ability to establish healthy relationships with other people, such as partners, peers, and even children (Erozkan, 2016). Although the social problem affects early attachment, which influences future relationships, understanding the problem can help social workers and policy-makers to create a safe environment for children to ensure positive attachment and healthy relationships as they grow into adulthood.
Research Relevance
Social work practice involves attempting to address social problems, including those that affect children as they grow and develop in their communities. Thus, child abuse and neglect are essential for the profession since it relates to children’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. The current study will address how young adults deal with their relationship issues or with their family members following a history of child abuse and neglect. Understanding the impact will help social workers to create mechanisms to prevent the problem and interventions to help those who are already victims. The study is necessary to inform evidence-based interventions to prevent the long-term impact of child abuse and neglect in children. The outcome will also inform policies and programs targeting the problem to create healthy relationships in society regardless of child abuse and neglect history.
Literature Review
Significant studies have been conducted regarding the impact of child abuse and neglect in society. Erozkan (2016) explored the relationship between different types of attachments and childhood trauma. The study indicates the role of attachment in mediating childhood trauma and the impact of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and physical and emotional neglect on future attachment patterns. Child abuse and neglect cause considerable trauma that takes years to recover, while some individuals experience the impact even in adulthood manifested as problematic relationships. Childhood trauma related to the different types of abuse and neglect has a lasting effect on victims, as evidenced in Strathearn et al. (2020). Thus, interventions to address the impact should focus on the emotional and mental changes that occur due to the trauma and might last a lifetime.
Sexual abuse is one of the most studied types of child abuse. Ensink et al. (2020) reveal that victims of childhood sexual abuse experience challenge navigating relationships with others in the short- and long-term. The abuse affects the victim’s developmental course with long-term impacts, such as the inability to trust or maintain healthy relationships as they grow. According to Ensink et al. (2020), since children depend on attachment figures in traumatic experiences, creating attachment organizations could help them to overcome the negative impact of sexual and other types of abuse and neglect. The focus should be on supporting the victims’ adaptation to child abuse and neglect. Attachment in victims is necessary since it might help them trust and maintain healthy relationships with others.
Variables
The prevalence of child abuse and neglect in society creates a complex scenario for social workers. Over the years, studies have established a relationship between the impact of attachment and the extent of child abuse (Roazzi et al., 2016). National Child Maltreatment Statistics reveal that over 4.4 million children across the world face various forms of abuse. Out of this number, only 3.4 million children receive social services, post response services, and prevention (American SPCC, n.d). Understanding the relationship between attachment and child abuse relies on two variables. The variable in this relationship includes the physical child abuse and the child’s attachment, which form the controlling element of all child support models. From these variables, social support is an association between attachment anxiety and physical abuse. The history of child abuse is a significant element in understanding the intimate parent-child or caregiver-child relationship. Social support acts as a possible factor of trust and protection for the child.
Measurement
The measurement of child abuse is significant in identifying the relationship that insecure child attachment style has with physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. The process relied on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) as the measurement tool that helped social workers examine and assess depression, fear, and guiding prevention decisions. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a self-administered tool for diagnostic of mentally disordered. The measurement tool is a depression model that scores each of the DSM-IV criteria as 0 to 3. Over 60000 patients in primary clinics completed the PHQ-9 to help construct validity of self-reported depression and difficulty obtaining social care after abuse (Strathearn et al., 2020). All populations from children of 12 years and above can use the PHQ-9 to determine the increased severity of their fears.
The purpose of the PHQ-9 was to help social workers in constructing validity and assisting data reliability. In this case, the tool uses self-reported sick days, Short-form General Health Survey, clinic visits, and symptom-related reports. The measurement tool helps assess the criterion validity against the independent fear and depression among the 580 patients. The likely result from PHQ-9 was to indicate the increase in depression severity. There was a substantial decrease among children whose functional states were on 0-3 subscales from this perspective. Health utilization, social work support, and child abuse monitoring increased under the criterion standard (Strathearn et al., 2020). PHQ-9 is a reliable tool for measuring depression severity in the association between attachment and child abuse. The characteristics of the tool make it a helpful research and clinical instrument.
Discussion
Association between child abuse and attachment is common. Children who have suffered various forms of abuse and neglect present changes in their processes of growth. Roazzi et al. (2016) indicate that children adopt a way of control their thinking as a response to the hostile treatment, lack of warm and unpredictability that their parents used on them. Attachment presents psycho-social and emotional bonds towards caregivers and parents. From this context, Word Health Organization reveals that nearly 3 in 4 children aged between 2 to 4 suffer physical and psychological abuses at the hands of their caregivers and parents. The cumulative number of these children stands at 300 million children across the ages of 2 to 12 years who have suffered one form of physical and emotional abuse (World Health Organization, 2020). Attachment theory reveals that a child and the abuser establish means of keeping their relationship to improve survival chances. Evidence shows that child abuse affects social, emotional, and behavioral development (Wilkinson & Bowyer, 2017). Many children who have suffered child abuse manifest severe behavioral and emotional difficulties, which leads to poor mental health and educational progress. The avoidance-insecure attachment has a tremendous impact throughout the life of a child.
Child abuse is the most significant source of trauma. Erozkan (2016) confirms that primary causes of childhood vulnerability to trauma include abuse from caregivers and lack of consistent care from different forms of neglect. Attachment is a product of different types of attachments. As a result, children with attachment disorder are likely to establish intimate relationships with their caregivers and parents. The outcome of the abuse relates to various symptoms that adults manifest. Attachment-based relationships start early and gradually grow to become more complex. Insecure attachment is a generic risk factor for different psychological difficulties (Ensink et al., 2020). Abused children tend to manifest insecure attachment. Disorganized attachment occurs as a result of experiencing and internalizing problems of abuse. Children that show insecure attachment have a 2.9 times risk of continuing to trust their abusers. Reports on the impacts of attachment reveal how the child reported depression, anxiety and become a risk factor for social care.
Different factors of the relationship between the child and the abuser influence the development of attachment. A case in point is children growing in dysfunctional families who fail to develop trust but cannot dissociate with their abusive parents. Problems with attachment in child abuse and neglect occur in cases of insecurity. Research indicates that some of these problems include operational defiant, conduct disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Ensink et al., 2020). Most of the children attached to their abusers suffer a wide range of negative impacts throughout their life. To illustrate, children who are securely attached to their parents developed good self-esteem and have lasting relationships, unlike children in insecure attachment. Early attachment portends a severe impact on the child’s future relationship.
Physical abuse takes a broad scope of violence where parents, relatives, strangers, or caregivers physically assault a child. NSPCC research indicates that 1.3% of children under eleven years and 6.9% of children between twelve to seventeen years go through different kinds of abuse (Strathearn et al., 2020). Most perpetrators in these abuses are trusted members of the social circle of the child. Children going through abuse at the hands of their parents or guardians reported having shown grave danger to their psycho-social well-being instead of when they suffered abuse from strangers. The effect that child abuse has on the child starts early with chronic conditions and extends into the child’s future. Therefore, most of the impact range between short-term and long-term due to the triggers of attachment. The attachment patterns that the child establishes with their parents lead to a series of outcomes. Attachment, therefore, is a critical factor that determines whether the child will manifest self-reliance or undergo depression. All these depend on factors that determine how and to what level attachment develops.
The relationship between child abuse and attachment dwell on the impact in adulthood. According to Brenner (2019), the U.S Department of Health and Human Services reported 3.25 million abuse to Child Protection Services. Over 20 percent of this maltreatment has a persistent psycho-social impact on the life of the child. The long-term effects of child abuse require secure attachment styles to reverse the health outcomes. Therefore, attachment manifests as a significant factor for showing how child abuse is a detrimental issue in a child’s life and how social services can foster care for the victims of child abuse. Infants in foster care who suffered child abuse and early caregiving disruptions tend to develop attachment disorders (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019). These disorders can affect positive relationships. Attachment and social difficulties are behavioral responses that the child develops in early life stages, exposing them to more likelihood of showing antisocial traits as they grow up.
Child abuse and neglect cause attachment avoidance and anxiety. The relationship calls for social support as a critical factor in addressing attachment anxiety and avoidance. Difficulties in managing children suffering from physical, sexual, and emotional abuse create more danger for the victims (Brenner, 2019). Without prompt social support, children with anxious attachments will fall into low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety in the history of a victim suffering from physical abuse and childhood neglect. Avoidances of attachment styles determine negative health indicators. Social support, counseling, and secure attachment emerge as practical means of addressing the damages that child abuse and neglect cause in a victim.
Caregivers, parents, and all people responsible for taking care of the child should develop lasting and meaningful attachment. The self-report from the measurement tool indicated the need for providing social support through secure attachment. Secure attachment is an effective intervention that supports the victims of child abuse. Research maintains that secure attachment was critical in helping victims of substance abuse where caregivers and parents became attentive and responsive to the child (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019). Intervention mechanisms should incorporate lifelong approaches where social workers, caregivers, parents, and guardians recognize the children’s needs and meet them most sensitively. The secure attachment style originates from fostering trust among the parties to a relationship. The emotions between caregivers and the children need to be synchronized to instill the values of empathy. In some cases, there is a need for an empathetic response to the child’s fears, struggles, and joys. Insecure attachment style, the caregiver intervenes to correct the effects of child abuse through emotional and physical availability. For this reason, the child tends to feel secure in the home environment and thus allow themselves to bond in more cordial interactions.
Behavioral patterns tend to inhibit or promote warm relationships. The effect of attachments between mental health outcome and child abuse indicate the need for a consistent intervention approach that focuses on promoting the child’s self-esteem. Attachment styles offer a partial mediation role in intervening between behavioral manifestations of the victim. Health Assessment Survey showed how parents with risk behaviors impose constant demand and thus worsen child abuse and neglect (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019). To address a wide range of attachment disorders, social support agencies need to offer a counter attachment style that promotes a positive image in the victim.
References
Brenner, G (2019). Attachment Style, Adult Well-Being, and Childhood Trauma. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/experimentations/201801/attachment-style-adult-well-being-and-childhood-trauma
Child Welfare Information Gateway (2019). Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/long_term_consequences.pdf
Ensink, K., Borelli, J. L., Normandin, L., Target, M., & Fonagy, P. (2020). Childhood sexual abuse and attachment insecurity: Associations with child psychological difficulties. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(1), 115.
Ensink, K., Borelli, J. L., Normandin, L., Target, M., & Fonagy, P. (2020). Childhood sexual abuse and attachment insecurity: Associations with child psychological difficulties. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(1), 115.
Erozkan, A. (2016). The Link between Types of Attachment and Childhood Trauma. Universal journal of educational research, 4(5), 1071-1079.
Erozkan, A. (2016). The Link between Types of Attachment and Childhood Trauma. Universal journal of educational research, 4(5), 1071-1079.
Roazzi, A., Attili, G., Di Pentima, L., & Toni, A. (2016). Locus of control in maltreated children: the impact of attachment and cumulative trauma. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 29(1), 1-11.
Strathearn, L., Giannotti, M., Mills, R., Kisely, S., Najman, J., & Abajobir, A. (2020). Long-term cognitive, psychological, and health outcomes associated with child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics, 146(4).
Wilkinson, J., & Bowyer, S. (2017). The impacts of abuse and neglect on children; and comparison of different placement options. RIP/DfE (DFE-RR663).
World Health Organization (n.d). Child maltreatment. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
